INVENTIVE AND APPLIED ACTIVITY

A unique ultra-high vacuum (5·10-10Pa) technological and measuring complex has been created to provide heating of crystals to 3000 K, adsorption of cesium, oxygen and hydrogen, segregation of carbon from the volume, mass-spectroscopy control of the residual gases structure in the working chamber, clearness and state of the monocrystals` surface according to the spectra data of the reflected low electrons and working function.      A scheme of the ultra-high vacuum (~5·10-10 Pa) technological and measuring complex to determine emission-adsorptive characteristics of electrodes of high-temperature TET and a photo of measuring modulus on the right The technology has been developed to obtain for an emitter of TET of atomically clean face (110) W with working function φ=5,35±0,02 eV, which is reduced to 2,5 eV during adsorption of cesium on it, as well as for TET collector–carbon monolayer (graphene) on the surface of the same face. The tests conducted at NPO `Energiya` in arc regime showed that emitter with atomically clean surface provides obtaining of higher working function characteristic of TET. The recommendations on usage of the materials for thermo-emissive transformers are given. The cathodes, while using of solid fuel, have been developed to provide voltage 0,5 V and current 130 A, what is sufficient for power supply of autonomous devices of different application (I.Ya. Dekhtiar, V.I. Silantiev, N.A. Shevchenko, V.I. Patoka, L.F. Dubikovskiy).       In 1970–1980 the high-performance materials for TET were obtained on the base of tungsten-rhenium alloys with working function 1,1 eV. The materials have high adsorption energy of cesium atoms (2,7 eV) and record operation characteristics at high (2000 K) temperatures and were intended for on-board power supply of the space stations.  At present time these activities are oriented on development of low-temperature (below 1000 K) materials for emissive transformation of concentrated solar energy to electric one in the regime of arc discharge. Research conducted in Heliocenter IPMS N.A.S. of Ukraine showed that the most effective emitters of electrons at low temperatures were carbon nanotubes, which at solar radiation heating to 400 °C give high (2-3V) voltage on electrodes by emissive current—0,1 A/sm2 (M.M. Nyshchenko, M.Ya. Shevchenko, I.M.Sidorchenko, G.O. Frolov- IPMS N.A.S.U.)
	A complex methodology to control and diagnose  the nanostructured materials, including carbon nanotubes is worked out as well. It includes methods as follow: Positron spectroscopy Electrical resistance Thermal e.m.f. Laser thermionic spectroscopy to diagnose the nanostructured state of materials
It is oriented on making analysis of thermodynamical stability with fixing of all the stages of transition to equilibrium state, control of the initial (growth) defects and radiation defects, their annealing processes, gas admixtures desorption, destruction and fracture of the nanostructured material ((M.M. Nyshchenko, Ye.A. Tsapko, N.A. Shevchenko, G.Yu. Mikhailova, I.M. Sidorchenko).  Laser thermionic spectroscopy (LTIS) is developed: The LTIS spectrum: dependence of second derivative of emissive current d2J(E)/dE2 on laser impulse energy E for multi-layer carbon nanotubes.