Collection of scientific works Nanosystems, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies
Year 2026 Volume 24, Issue 2
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Muslim Amin HASSAN1, Ahmed Saeed OTHMAN1, and Ammar Ahmed HAMDOON2

1College of Education for Pure Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq
2College of Education for Pure Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq

Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Amaranth Dye on the Surface of a New Activated Nanocarbon Prepared from Petroleum Sources

607–624 (2026)

PACS numbers: 61.05.cp, 68.43.Mn, 81.05.uj, 82.60.Hc, 82.60.Qr, 82.70.Kj, 83.80.Iz

Received 23 January, 2025

In this study, an activated-nanocarbon model is prepared from petroleum-based sources represented by the Qayyarah asphalt. This asphalt is treated with an aliphatic resin symbolized by C5 in different proportions and in the presence of sulphur. The optimum conditions for the reaction are determined by means of the coefficients using several temperatures, times and sulphur ratios. The study shows that the optimum conditions for the reaction are with the coefficients at 250°C, 2% sulphur, and a time of three hours that is determined by calculating the asphaltenes’ ratio. The best model is taken and treated with different distillation processes, both regular and synchronous ones, and then, the distillation-processing waste is taken and treated with potassium hydroxide in proportion of 2.5:1 (raw material:potassium hydroxide) at a temperature of 550 ± 50°C for three hours. After that, the resulting nanocarbon material is taken and purified from impurities and base by several processes. The resulting nanocarbon material is taken and its effectiveness is determined by measuring its ability to adsorb the iodine from its aqueous solution, i.e., which is known as the iodine number as a rapid measure of the internal surface area. This research includes the process of removing amaranth dye from its aqueous solution, and the research includes determining the optimal conditions for the adsorption process by studying the factors affecting the adsorption efficiency, which shows that the ideal weight of the prepared activated nanocarbon is of 0.3 g at a concentration of 7⋅10−5 M and that the reaction equilibrium time is of 70 min. The practical data are applied to models of different isotherms, such as Langmuir’s, Freundlich’s, and Temkin’s isotherms, at different temperatures for the purpose of using them in calculating the thermodynamic functions. The thermodynamic functions show that the adsorption system is of the physical endothermic type, as indicated by the positive ΔH values, and that the adsorption process occurs automatically, as indicated by the negative ΔG0 values, and the adsorption system become more random; due to the ionization of dyes, which are salts of sodium ions, this is indicated by the positive values of ΔS0.

KEY WORDS: activated nanocarbon, aliphatic resin, Qayyarah asphalt, amaranth pigment, thermodynamic functions

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/nnn.24.02.0607

Citation:
Muslim Amin Hassan, Ahmed Saeed Othman, and Ammar Ahmed Hamdoon, Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Amaranth Dye on the Surface of a New Activated Nanocarbon Prepared from Petroleum Sources, Nanosistemi, Nanomateriali, Nanotehnologii, 24, No. 2: 607–624 (2026); https://doi.org/10.15407/nnn.24.02.0607
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