Collection of scientific works Nanosystems, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies
Year 2026 Volume 24, Issue 2
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Hamid A. SALIH, Saad F. MAHMOOD, and Mohmad M. UONIS

College of Science, Department of New and Renewable Energy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

Preparation and Characterization of Nanocarbon Prepared from Thermal Cracking Residues of Sawdust

575–596 (2026)

PACS numbers: 68.37.Hk, 68.43.Jk, 68.43.Mn, 81.05.uj, 82.60.Hc, 82.60.Qr, 83.80.Mc

Received 16 October, 2024; in revised form, 21 November, 2024

This study produces a new type of activated nanocarbon, using sawdust from woodworking shops in Mosul city, Iraq. The average particle size of this carbon produced is of 20–100 nm and is identified as nanocarbon. The drug chlorpheniramine is extracted from its aqueous solution. In this study, the Freundlich’s and Langmuir’s isotherms are used, where the Langmuir’s model fits better the actual data of the analyzed system. This is evidenced by the results of high R2 values of 0.9872 for Freundlich’s model and 0.9935 for Langmuir’s one. Thermodynamic analysis of equilibrium adsorption shows that it is a spontaneous process with negative ΔG0 values and results in a regular increase (negative ΔS0 value) after the adsorption process. In addition, physical adsorption forces (ΔH = −16.452 kJ/mol) determine the bonding between the drug and the carbon surface, and the adsorption process results in a heat release. The three kinetic models are pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and implicit molecular diffusion. The results show that the equilibrium adsorption is followed by the pseudo-second-order reaction equation, and the adsorption process is governed by multiple mechanisms in addition to molecular-contact diffusion.

KEY WORDS: sawdust, nanocarbon, activated charcoal, eucalyptus trees, adsorption kinetic

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/nnn.24.02.0575

Citation:
Hamid A. Salih, Saad F. Mahmood, and Mohmad M. Uonis, Preparation and Characterization of Nanocarbon Prepared from Thermal Cracking Residues of Sawdust, Nanosistemi, Nanomateriali, Nanotehnologii, 24, No. 2: 575–596 (2026); https://doi.org/10.15407/nnn.24.02.0575

Acknowledgments:
Authors would like to thank the University of Mosul, College of Science, as well as Mr. Faris M. Alhamadany (MSc. Phys., University of Newcastle (U.K.), ‘Work in Nineveh Medicine College, Iraq’) and Mr. Alaa Mohammed (New York Times, correspondent) for editing and reviser of the language.

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