Collection of scientific works Nanosystems, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies
Year 2026 Volume 24, Issue 1
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L. A. AL-SIQILLEE1 and N. M. YAHYA1

1College of Education for Girls, Department of Chemistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

Study of Meloxicam Adsorption on Prepared Activated Nanocarbon from Pinecones: Thermodynamics and Kinetics

141–163 (2026)

PACS numbers: 61.05.cp, 68.37.Hk, 68.43.Mn, 68.43.Pq, 68.47.Pe, 81.05.uj, 83.80.Mc

Received 25 July, 2024; in revised form, 5 September, 2024

This research involves the preparation of activated nanocarbon using pinecones obtained from the forestry of the city of Mosul, Iraq. The prepared carbon is observed as nanoparticles with a particle size of 16.08 nm measured by a scanning electron microscope and a BET-theory surface area of 1.9719 nm2. The iodine number of 1147 mg/g-1 and x-ray diffraction spectrum of the prepared activated carbon are also evaluated. The adsorption of meloxicam onto prepared activated carbon is studied in aqueous solutions. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms are applied; the Freundlich model is more relevant to the practical data for the studied system due to the significant results of high R2 = 0.9968 values compared to Langmuir's R2 = 0.9915. The study of adsorption thermodynamically at equilibrium has shown that the adsorption process is spontaneous, as indicated by the negative value of Gibbs free energy (ΔG0) and the low value of the entropy after the adsorption process (negative ΔS0). Moreover, the type of adsorption refers to physical absorption (ΔH = -33.090 kJ/mole) due to the force controlling the bond between the drug and the surface of carbon, which indicates adsorption as a heat-releasing process. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle molecular diffusion are studied. The kinetic results show that the adsorption process at equilibrium follows the equation of a pseudo-second-order reaction, while interaction and molecular diffusion are not the only mechanisms dominating the adsorption process.

KEY WORDS: pinecone, nanocarbon, surface area, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, adsorption, meloxicam, activated carbon

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/nnn.24.01.0141

Citation:
L. A. Al-Siqillee and N. M. Yahya, Study of Meloxicam Adsorption on Prepared Activated Nanocarbon from Pinecones: Thermodynamics and Kinetics, Nanosistemi, Nanomateriali, Nanotehnologii, 24, No. 1: 141–163 (2026); https://doi.org/10.15407/nnn.24.01.0141

Funding / Acknowledgments:
Authors would like to thank the University of Mosul, College of Education for Girls, Chemistry Department, management and staff for all the support during the experimental work stage.

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